Diabetic nephropathy has been categorized into two stages based on the degree of urinary albumin excretion (UAE): microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria is both a predictor of progression of nephropathy and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and evidence to date suggests that the risk for developing diabetic nephropathy and CVD begins when UAE values are still within the normoalbuminuric range. In addition, patients that do not receive effective treatment for diabetic nephropathy can experience renal failure, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Exenatide Therapy in Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With Insulin
Viswanathan P, Chaudhuri A, Bhatia R, Al-Atrash F, Mohanty P, Dandona P. Endocr Pract. 2007;13:444-450.

Insulin Detemir Improves Glycemic Control With Less Hypoglycemia and No Weight Gain in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Were Insulin Naive or Treated With NPH or Insulin Glargine: Clinical Practice Experience From a German Subgroup of the PREDICTIVE Study
Meneghini LF, Rosenberg KH, Koenen C, Merilainen MJ, Luddeke HJ. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:418-427.

Efficacy and Safety of Incretin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. JAMA. 2007;298:194-206

Incretin hormones- filling a therapeutic need
Karmeen Kulkarni, MS, RD, BC-ADM, CDE

Inhibition of PKC-β
Rayaz A Malik, MB ChB, PhD, MRCP

On the Chronic Care Model
Linda Siminerio, PhD, CDE